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Suzy B Software CD-ROM 2 (1994).iso
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1995-04-27
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Indoor air quality problems are not limited to homes. In
fact, many office buildings have significant air pollution
sources. In addition, these buildings may be inadequately
ventilated. For example, mechanical ventilation. systems
may not be designed or operated to provide adequate
amoullts of outside air. Finally, people generally have
less control over the indoor environment in their offices
than they do in their homes.
Some indoor air pollutants in office environments pose
long-term risks (for example, the cancer risk from
asbestos). In recent years, however, there has been an
increase in the incidence of immediate health problems
related to indoor air pollutants in office environments.
HEALTH EFFECTS
A number of well-identified illnesses, such as
LegionnaireS disease, asthma, hypersensitivity
pneumonitis, and humidifier fever, have been directly
traced to specific building problems. These are called
building-related illnesses. Most of these diseases can be
treated; nevertheless some can pose serious risks to some
individuals.
Frequently, however, a significant number of building
occupants experience symptoms that do not fit the pattern
of any p;articular illness and are difficult to trace to
any specific source. This phenomenon has been
labeled sick building syndrome. People may complain of one
or more of the following symptoms: dry or burning mucous
membranes in the nose, eyes, and throat, sneez ing, stuffy
or runny nose, fatigue or lethargy. headache, dizziness,
nausea,
irritability, and forgetfulness. Poor lighting, noise,
vibration, thermal discomfort, and psychological stress
may also cause, or contribute to, these symptoms.
There is no single manner in which these health problems
appear. In some cases. problems begin as workers enter
their offices and diminish as workers leave; other times,
symptoms continue until the illness is treated. Sometimes
there are outbreaks of illness among many workers in a
single building; in other cases, health symptoms show up
only in individual workers.
There are usually some occupant complaints about health
and comfort in new buildings. In fact, the ventilation
guidelines for indoor air quality set forth by the
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air
Conditioning Engineers are intended to satisfy 80 percent
of a buildingS occupants.
In the opinion of some World Health Organization experts,
up to 30 percent of new or remodelled commercial buildings
may have unusually high rates of health and comfort
complaints from occupants that may potentially be related
to indoor air quality.
WHAT CAUSES INDOOR AIR PROBLEMS IN OFFICES?
T hree major reasons for poor indoor air quality in office
buildings are the presence of indoor air pollution
sources, poorly designed, maintained, or operated
ventilation systems, and uses of the building that were
unanticipated or poorly planned for when the buildillg was
designed or renovated
.
Sources of Office Air Pollution
As with homes, the most important factor influencing
indoor air quality is the presence of pollutant sources.
Commonly found office pollutants and their sources include
environmental tobacco smoke; asbestos
from insulating and fireretardant building supplies;
formaldehyde from pressed wood products; other organics
from building materials, carpeting, and other office
furnishings, cleaning materials and activities, restroom
air fresheners, paints, adhesives, copying machines, and
photography and print shops; biological contaminants from
dirty ventilation systems or water-damaged walls,
ceilings, and carpets;
and pesticides from pest management practices.
\Ventilation SystemS
Mechanical ventilation systems in large buildings are
designed and operated not only to heat and cool the air,
but also to draw in and circulate outdoor air. When they
are poorly designed, operated, or maintained, however,
ventilation systems can contribute to indoor air problems
in several ways.
For example, problems arise when, in an effort to save
energy, ventilation systems are not used to bring in
adequate amounts of outdoor air. Inadequate ventilation
also occurs if the air supply and return vents within each
room are blocked or placed in such a way that outside air
does not actually reach the breathing zone of building
occupants. Improperly located outside air intake air vents
can also brinng in air colltaminated with automobile alld
truck exhaust, boiler emissions, fumes from dumpsters, or
air vented from restrooms. Finally, ventilation systems
can be a source of indoor pollution themselves by
spreading biological contaminants that have multiplied in
cooling towers, humidifiers, dehumidifiers, air
conditioners, or the inside surfaces of ventilation
ductwork.
Use of fhe Bui/ding
Indoor air pollutants can
be circulated from portions of the building used for
specialized purposes, such as restaurants, print shops,
and drycleaning stores, into offices in the same
buildiIng. Carbon monoxide and other components of
automobile exhaust can be drawn from underground parking
garages through stairwells and elevator shafts into office
spaces.
In addition, buildings originally designed for one
purpose may end up being converted to use as office
space. If not properly modified during building
renovations, the room partitions and ventilation system
can contribute to indoor air quality problems by
restricting air recirculation or by iIÑg air recirculation
or by providing an inadequate supply of outside air.
Role of a Building Inspection in Correcting Problems
Frequently indoor air quality problems in large
commercial buildings cannot be effectively identified or
remedied without a comprehensive building investigation.
These investigations may start with written questionnaires
and telephone consultations in which building
investigators assess the history of occupant symptoms and
building operation procedures. In some cases, these
illquiries may quickly uncover the problem and on-site
visits are unnecessary.
More often, however, investigators will need to come to
the building to conduct personal interviews with
occupants, to look for possible sources of the problems,
and to inspect the design and operation of the ventilation
system and other building features. Because taking
measurements of pollutants at the very low levels often
found in office buildings is expensive and may not yield
information useful in identifying problem sources,
investigators may not take many measurements. The process
of solving indoor air quality problems that result in
health and comfort complaints can be a slow one involving
several trial solutions before successful remedial actions
are identified.
WHAT TO DO IF YOU
SUSPECT A PROBLEM
If you or others at your office are experiencing health or
comfort problems that you suspect may be caused by indoor
air pollution, you can do the follownig:
- Talk with your own physician and report your problems to
the company physician, nurse, or health or biosafety
officer so that they can be added to the record of health
complaints;
- Talk with your supervisor, other workers, and union
representatives to see if the problems are being
experienced by others and urge that a record of reported
health complaints be kept by management, if one has not
already been established;
- Ask the building manager to consider hiring a commercial
company that conducts building investigations to diagnose
the problem or problems and to suggest solutions.
Carefully select such companies on the basis of their
experience in identifying and solving indool air quality
problems in no: industrial buildings;
- Call the National Institute, for Occupational Health and
Safety (NIOSH) for information on obtaining a health
hazard evaluation of your office (1-800-35NIOSH);
- Call your state or local health department or air
pollution control agency to talk over the symptoms and
possible causes; and
- Work with others to establish a smoking policy that
minimizes non-smoker exposure to environmental tobacco
smoke.